Taj Al-Ma'rifa is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Tajoura Higher Institute of Science and Technology in Libya. The journal was established by a decision of the General Administration of Publications and Artistic Works at the Ministry of Culture and Knowledge Development It bears the local legal deposit number 275/2023 at Dar Al Wataniya Benghazi. The journal bears the international standard number ISSN: 3104-8846 ISSN-L: 3104-8838 The journal is concerned with publishing scientific research in the fields of Applied sciences. Administrative sciences. Financial sciences. It is issued periodically under the supervision of an elite group of specialized professors. Correspondence and research are directed to: Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Abdussalam Mohamed Shibani Via email: JKC@histt.edu.ly.
Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Tajoura
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Copyright Retention: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. Licensing: The work is simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Third-Party Rights: This license allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Commercial use of the work is not permitted without explicit permission. Self-Archiving: Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) subsequent to publication, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
The impact of ERP implementation on accounting disclosure in the financial reports of the United Bank for Trade and Investment
This study examines the concept of ERP systems as modern information systems that contribute to data integration and the linking of various activities within organizations, and their role in improving performance efficiency and the quality of accounting information. The study aims to measure the impact of ERP systems on the level of accounting disclosure through a field study at the United Bank for Trade and Investment. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, where data was collected using a questionnaire distributed to bank employees directly involved in implementing the system. A total of (42) questionnaires were distributed, of which (33) were returned and deemed valid for statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, relying on descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant positive impact of implementing ERP systems on the level of accounting disclosure, in addition to the system's role in improving the quality of accounting information, reducing errors, and enhancing transparency
Enterprise Resource Planning - accounting disclosure - financial reporting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taj Al-Ma'rifa Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The Extent of the Suitability of International Standards and Guidelines for Auditing the Environmental Activities of Libyan Industrial Companies
This study aims to determine the suitability of international standards and guidelines for auditing the environmental activities of industrial companies operating in Libya. Given the increasing damage caused by industrial activities, the auditor's role in ensuring companies' compliance with their environmental responsibilities becomes crucial. Due to the absence of local standards regulating environmental auditing, the study focused on International Publication Statement No. 1010 issued by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, and the sample consisted of external auditors. The findings indicate that the international standards and guidelines derived from Statement No. 1010 are suitable for application in Libya, particularly regarding the study of the nature of operations of entities with environmental impact, the assessment of environmental risks, the auditing of environmental obligations, and compliance with environmental laws and regulations. The study also highlights the possibility of engaging experts and requesting management declarations regarding environmental responsibilities. The study recommends the activation of environmental laws, the issuance or adoption of local standards for environmental auditing, the promotion of environmental awareness through training courses, and the inclusion of environmental accounting and auditing courses in educational programs. It also emphasizes the importance of supporting audit firms with environmental experts when auditing economic entities with environmental impact
Environmental Auditing- Corporate Environmental Activities- International Guidance Statement (IGS) 1010
Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Decision of Table Eggs: A Case Study in the Al-Hadaba Area, Tripoli
This study aimed to identify the economic and non-economic factors driving consumer preferences and stable purchasing behavior for table eggs in the Plateau region, viewing them as a core dietary staple despite price volatility. The findings highlight two main influences: practical economic drivers and non-economic behavioral factors. Economically, eggs proved to be the most economical and affordable protein source, compatible with most income levels, guaranteeing sustained demand. Crucially, quality (cleanliness and integrity) fostered trust and increased purchasing volume, alongside the efficiency provided by pack size and ease of storage. Non-economic factors encompass demographic necessity (driven by children/elderly), time efficiency (quick preparation), and versatility, complemented by deeply rooted dietary habits emphasizing eggs' unique nutritional value. The study recommends implementing mechanisms for price stabilization to keep eggs an affordable economic option, ensuring product quality and safety, and undertaking rational production planning to guarantee supply in high-density areas. This strategy aims to leverage the economic driver for increased consumption while boosting health awareness, especially targeting households with dependents.
Influencing Factors, Consumer Behavior, Table Eggs
Activating the role of the information specialist in the central library at Al-Zaytouna University in the era of free access to information policy
The study dealt with the issue of activating the role of the information specialist in the Central Library at Al-Zaytouna University in the era of free access to information policy, where the study aimed to identify the awareness of the employees of the Central Library at Al-Zaytouna University and their awareness of the policy of free access to information, to identify the skills needed by information specialists to support the movement of the free access to information policy, to identify the obstacles that hinder the sample members from not being surrounded by the policy of free access to information. The study used the descriptive analytical method to achieve the objectives of the study. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which showed the results of the study that most of the sample members, by 54%, do not have awareness and awareness of the concept of free access. The triangle of electronic journals is the highest strategies for free access and amounted to 66% of the total sample members, the dependence of most of the sample members, and 69% on the Internet in briefing on free access. The biggest obstacles that hindered the sample members in being surrounded by the policy of free access were the lack of courses by 42% and the lack of seminars, meetings and training courses in the library amounted to 27%. The study recommended a number of recommendations, the most important of which was to work to raise awareness of the sample members of the importance of the importance of free access to information and researchers and researchers, including the curriculum for library departments for free access to information, rehabilitating and training and training library workers continuously and training them through workshops for free access to information through specialists in this field.
University Libraries – Free Access to Information
IoT Smart Home System Using NodeMCU (ESP8266) for Remote and Energy-Efficient Automation
Rapid advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) have transformed automation, especially in smart home applications. This study presents the design and implementation of a smart home system built on the NodeMCU development board (ESP8266) and integrated with a set of environmental and security sensors. The proposed system allows users to monitor conditions and control household devices remotely via the Blynk IoT platform, providing a flexible, low-cost, and energy-efficient solution. The hardware configuration includes sensors for temperature, humidity, air quality, motion, light intensity, and obstacle detection, in addition to actuators such as servo and DC motors for automating a garage door and curtains. An OLED display provides on-site environmental readings, while the Blynk mobile application enables real-time control over Wi-Fi. Experimental testing confirmed stable connectivity, responsive control, and reliable continuous operation. The modular architecture also supports easy expansion and customization to meet different residential needs. Overall, the results demonstrate that open-source IoT platforms can deliver scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable smart home automation.
Internet of Things (IoT), Smart Home, NodeMCU, ESP8266, Blynk, Sensors, Wireless Control, Actuators.
Assessing Employee Cybersecurity Attitudes in Libyan Organizations: A Sector-Based Study
This study examines the attitudes of employees towards cybersecurity in Libyan organizations, focusing on how demographic factors such as age, gender, position, and experience influence their perceptions. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a questionnaire distributed to 312 employees across three Libyan companies. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-tests, and ANOVA. Results indicated that employees' age, position, and experience significantly impacted their attitudes towards cybersecurity, while gender showed no significant effect. The findings highlight the need for targeted cybersecurity awareness programs in Libyan organizations to mitigate risks and enhance compliance.
Cybersecurity, Cybercrime, Employee Attitudes, Libya, Organizational Security.
Obstacles to Application of Modern Managerial Thought in Local Institution
This study addresses the challenges hindering the implementation of modern management thinking in Libyan local institutions, in light of the rapid political, economic, and social changes the country is experiencing, and the resulting weaknesses in organizational structures and the dominance of traditional management methods. The study sought to answer a main question: What are the obstacles to the application of modern management thought in Libyan local organizations? This was achieved by analyzing the organizational, cultural, leadership, and technological obstacles. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, using a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of employees in local institutions, including the Flour Mills and Feed Company. The results showed that the most prominent obstacles are organizational rigidity, weak technical infrastructure, the dominance of the traditional leadership mentality, and a lack of incentives and training. The study also revealed that government institutions are less open to modern management thinking than private institutions. The study found a statistically significant relationship between organizational stagnation, traditional mentality, and weak adoption of modern management thought. The statistical model explained 67% of the variance in the adoption of modern management thought. Among the most important findings are: (1) Local institutions suffer from clear organizational rigidity, as the administrative structure lacks the flexibility necessary to distribute tasks and powers effectively, which hinders the adoption of modern administrative methods. (2) The majority of employees prefer traditional methods of work, which indicates a cultural resistance to change and a lack of acceptance of contemporary management concepts. Some of the most important recommendations include: (1) Restructuring institutions to enhance organizational flexibility and further delegate authority to empower employees to make decisions and improve operational efficiency. (2) Developing training programs for administrative leaders to enhance their skills in managing change and embracing innovative ideas, while encouraging employee participation in decision-making.
Administrative thought - organizational stagnation - obstacles to applying administrative thought
Evaluating the implementation of methods to reduce construction waste in real estate companies in Tripoli, Libya
Waste in the construction industry is the loss produced by activities that generate direct or indirect costs but do not add any value. In recent years, waste in the construction industry has been the subject of several research studies around the world; however, it still continues to be a critical issue. thus, the objective of this study was to develop an analytical hierarchical model for the implementation of lean techniques for the reduction of construction waste in real estate companies in Tripoli, Libya. The study was conducted on seven private residential real estate companies that were actively involved in the construction sector at the time, by targeting decision-makers as respondents. Analytical hierarchical process-based questionnaires and face-to-face Interviews were conducted for the collection of primary data. thus, comparison-based surveys and data analyses were used to quantify the relative priorities for a given set of alternatives on a ratio scale based on the judgment of the construction professionals. According to the data analyses, poor material handling, poor site management, and frequent changes in the design were identified to be the three most dominant sources of construction waste. It was found that the real estate companies do not have any waste reduction strategies or practices. Furthermore, the concerned professionals have limited awareness of the lean techniques and their implementation. Based on the findings, the construction companies are recommended to give proper attention to construction waste minimization and a huge task is ahead of the policymakers for lean techniques implementation.
Construction, Real Estate Companies, Tripoli, Libya, Waste.
The Privatization Process in the Banking Sector in Libya
This study aims to analyze the impact of bank privatization on institutional performance in Libya, with particular emphasis on operational efficiency, financial performance and the quality of banking services, in light of the economic and institutional transformations experienced by the Libyan banking sector, he study adopts a descriptive analytical approach based on the review and analysis of official reports issued by the Central Bank of Libya, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in addition to relevant academic studies. The findings indicate that the weak institutional performance of Libyan banks is not solely attributable to a scarcity of financial resources, but rather to structural and managerial distortions associated with the public ownership model, the most prominent of these include limited managerial autonomy, weak performance-based incentives and high levels of idle liquidity, the results further show that the privatization of Libyan banks represents a theoretically and practically justified reform option, given its potential to improve asset management, enhance profitability and diversify income sources, however, these positive effects remain conditional upon the existence of an effective legal and regulatory framework. The study also reveals that the privatization process in Libya has faced significant political, economic and regulatory challenges, including political fragmentation, security instability, underdeveloped financial markets, and high levels of non-performing loans, which have constrained the achievement of tangible outcomes to date, accordingly, the study recommends adopting a gradual approach to bank privatization, coupled with comprehensive institutional reforms aimed at strengthening banking governance and supporting financial stability.
Bank privatization; institutional performance; operational efficiency; financial performance; Libyan banking sector.
Production and Marketing Constraints Affecting Strawberry Crop Production: A Field Study in the Southern and Eastern Areas of Tajoura Municipality – Libya
This Study aims to identify the constraints affecting strawberry crop production in the southern and eastern areas of Tajoura Municipality during the 2024-2025 agricultural season. It also seeks to highlight the problems faced by farmers and to propose appropriate solutions. The Study relied on primary data collected through a field survey using questionnaires and personal interviews, in addition to secondary dataobtained from relevant authorities. A simple random sampleof35 farms was selected, representing 10%of the total number of strawberry-producing farms in the Study area, which is estimated at approximately 350 farms. The results of the Study revealed that one of the most significant constraints affecting strawberry production is the high cost of production inputs, particularly irrigation operations, which accounted for 75.714%of the total sample. The most prominent marketing constraintswere the high cost of packaging materials, which reached 29.6%, in addition to the rising cost of agricultural labour. The findings also indicated that 100% of the sample relies on migrant labour, and that the high cost of labour constitutes one of the major constraints facing strawberry farmers in the Study area. Analysis of the production and marketing constraints showed that 68.58% of the total sample attributed the main obstacles to the absence of an organised market and the high cost of transportation, which represent the most significant barriers to strawberry production during the 2024-2025 agricultural season. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a lack of specialised agricultural extension officers in strawberry production, the absence of extension training programmes, and a shortage of institutions providing agricultural information. These factors represent a substantial constraint on improving agricultural production and increasing productive efficiency.
Production constraints, marketing constraints, extension constraints, strawberry crop, Tajoura Municipality.
The Impact of Strategic Planning on Human Capital Development: A Case Study of the National Council for Economic and Social Development in Libya
This study aims to identify the impact of strategic planning on the development of human capital through an applied study conducted at the National Council for Economic and Social Development in Libya, in light of the growing need to improve human resource efficiency and enhance institutional performance. The study was based on a central research problem concerning the extent to which strategic planning, with its various dimensions, contributes to the development of human capital within the institution under study. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was used as the main data collection instrument. The total study sample consisted of (100) respondents, including (20) questionnaires distributed to directors of departments, offices, and heads of sections, and (80) questionnaires distributed to employees of the Council. The number of questionnaires retrieved and valid for statistical analysis reached (60), including (13) questionnaires from directors and heads of sections with a response rate of (65%), and (47) questionnaires from employees with a response rate of (78%). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), relying on means and standard deviations, in addition to correlation and regression analyses to test the study hypotheses. The hypothesis testing results indicated a statistically significant impact of the dimensions of strategic planning, namely goal setting, plan formulation, and follow-up and evaluation, on the development of human capital. Based on these results, the study recommended strengthening the culture of strategic planning within the National Council for Economic and Social Development and linking strategic plans to clear programs for human capital development to enhance performance efficiency and achieve developmental objectives.
Strategic Planning, Human Capital, Methods of Human Capital Development in Institutions
The Sentence in the Arabic Language: Its Meaning, Divisions, and Syntactic Positions – An Applied Grammatical Study
The importance of this topic lies in its contribution to understanding the grammatical and syntactic structure of the Arabic language, which helps enhance linguistic skills and bridges a knowledge gap concerning the sentence as a concept and its divisions. It also provides an applied perspective that makes grammar more accessible and easier for learners. This study aims to: define the sentence in the Arabic language, classify sentences into their various divisions based on structure and grammar, determine the syntactic positions of sentences within the Arabic grammatical context, and enhance the applied understanding of grammar through practical examples. To achieve these objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive-analytical approach by: describing the concept of the sentence, its divisions, and its syntactic position, and analyzing grammatical and literary texts to extract and interpret examples. Among the most important questions addressed were: What is the definition of the sentence in the Arabic language, both linguistically and terminologically? How are sentences in the Arabic language classified based on structure and grammar? How are the syntactic positions of sentences determined within the grammatical context? This study arrived at several findings, the most important of which are: Sentences are the fundamental units in constructing Arabic discourse, whether in literature or everyday speech. Choosing the appropriate sentence contributes to organizing ideas and clarifying meanings effectively. The sentence is the main component in Arabic discourse, and through understanding the nominal and verbal sentences, the student or speaker can express ideas in diverse and precise ways. The importance of correctly understanding the sentence is essential for proper expression and the ability to perform grammatical analysis.
The Nominal Sentence, The Verbal Sentence, Divisions of the Sentence, Syntactic Positions of the Sentence, Grammatical Applications.
An Analytical Economic Study of the Current Situation off Red Meat in Libya and the Potential for Achieving Food Security during the period (2000-2022)
This study aims to provide an economic and analytical assessment of the current situation of the red meat sector in Libya during the period 2000–2022, with a focus on evaluating the potential for achieving food security. The research employed descriptive and analytical methods, supported by quantitative tools such as averages, minimum and maximum values, relative analysis, and time-series techniques, using SPSS software. The findings reveal that Libya maintains a relatively high level of food security in the red meat sector, with local production covering approximately 86% of daily consumption and imports contributing only 11%, thereby reducing exposure to global price fluctuations. However, the sector has experienced a severe structural decline, as production dropped by nearly 67% between 2010 and 2020, accompanied by a significant reduction in per capita consumption from 0.03 tons to 0.01 tons. The analysis indicates that political instability, economic crises, and external shocks—rather than temporal factors—are the main drivers of this deterioration. Furthermore, cattle, sheep, and goat production showed statistically significant declines, while camel meat production remained stable. Based on these results, the study recommends restructuring the sector, enhancing local production, diversifying protein sources, and establishing strategic reserves to ensure sustainable food security in Libya.
Food Security – Production and Consumption – Per Capita – Food Gap – Imports.
The Impact of Strategic Planning on the Efficiency of Solar Energy Management: A Field Study from the Perspective of Employees at the Solar Energy Research and Studies Center
The study aimed to analyze the impact of strategic planning on the efficiency of solar energy management at the Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies. The study adopted the analytical descriptive approach. A questionnaire designed according to the five-point Likert scale was distributed to a random sample of the center's employees, consisting of (70) individuals out of a total of (250) employees, selected through simple random sampling. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS program. The results of the study revealed that strategic planning significantly contributes to enhancing efficiency.
Strategic Planning- Efficiency-solar Energy - solar Energy managment
Improving the efficiency of the longitudinal rolling process in the iron and steel factory in Misrata
This research paper aims to enhance the operational and production efficiency of the longitudinal rolling process at the Misurata Iron and Steel Factory, addressing key challenges such as high energy consumption, inconsistent product quality, and increased downtime. The study employed a mixed-methodology approach, combining quantitative analysis of historical operational data with the application of Finite Element Method (FEM) computer simulation for the rolling process. Analytical results showed that 60\% of product defects were attributable to roll wear, and the roughing stand consumed 45\% of the total line energy. Based on the simulation outcomes, optimal operating parameters were identified, including modifications to the roll pass geometry, a 35^\circ\{C} reduction in reheating temperature, and synchronized speeds. The proposed recommendations demonstrated the potential for significant improvement, achieving a 9.5\% saving in specific energy consumption, an 11% increase in Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), and a 57% reduction in the product defect rate. These findings support a shift towards intelligent and sustainable operation, thus strengthening the factory’s competitive advantage.
الدرفلة الطولية ، كفاءة الطاقة ، محاكاة العناصر المحدودة ، الكفاءة الكلية للمعدات ، تصميم ممر الدرفلة ، مصنع الحديد والصلب
The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Achieving Libya's Balance of Payments Equilibrium
In internal combustion engines, thermal and chemical energy are converted into mechanical energy. Ambient weather conditions, such as air temperature, relative humidity, and altitude above sea level, affect air density and therefore the oxygen levels required for combustion, which in turn effects on the power Output that produced, This study conducted by a theoretical investigation to observed the effect of these factors on the hypothetical engine its power 100 kW .to finding the impact of temperatures by chosen among 10 to 48 C0 at sea level, then make correction by added altitude at 100 meters, with 65% relative humidity and atmospheric pressure equal 98.8 kPa, then altitude of 800 meters with 50% relative humidity and atmospheric pressure 91 kPa, where observed decreases in that engine power Output with each increases in temperature and less of density were recorded approximately 7%, 11% and 17%, at 48 C0 respectively compared to its power output, under standard conditions.
engines, air temperature, relative humidity, altitude, power output
This paper: aims to examine the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in achieving balance in Libya’s balance of payments, given the significance of the period under study and the economic and political transformations experienced by the country. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The descriptive–analytical method is employed to address the theoretical framework, while the empirical analysis relies on an econometric approach based on time series analysis. The statistical software EViews 13 is used as the primary tool for econometric estimation,The main results derived from the regression model indicate the existence of a statistically significant positive and long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The findings demonstrate that a one-unit increase in foreign direct investment and in the money supply leads to an increase in Libya’s balance of payments by approximately 0.455 and 1.981 units (Libyan dinars), respectively. These econometric results are consistent with economic theory. Based on the findings, the paper concludes with several recommendations, most notably the need to establish developmental projects to stimulate economic progress, encourage and intensify economic research and studies, and place particular emphasis on the development of non-oil economic sectors.
Foreign Direct Investment; Balance of Payments; Economic Equilibrium; Time Series Analysis.
The role of the quality and type of drive belts on industrial machinery
Belts of all types and operating methods in industrial machinery have a direct impact on the reliability of their quality and the types of movement. Their type and number are determined by the power and speeds required and specified for the machine or tool. This is determined by the design as well as experience in this field. A decrease in the quality and type of belt and its incompatibility with both the power and speeds of all types results in noise, vibration, or machine stoppage. Therefore, high-quality belts and the compatibility and smooth flow of the number and type of belts with the available power or speeds contribute to sound production and increase the lifespan of the machine or operating units.
Belts, industrial machines, power / speed operating uniots
The Lack of Effective Feedback in IELTS Preparation Courses for Arabic Students
This study investigates lack of effective feedbacks in IELTS preparation courses for Arabic trainees and its impact on their language growth and testing preparedness. However, feedbacks represent core elements in language study and are essential for producing the productive skills (writing and speaking) expected through the IELTS exam, feedbacks received have been found to be too vague, inadequate and non-aligned with IELTS band descriptors by many Arabic candidates. The paper reviews the theoretical underpinnings of feedback practices, such as constructivist and sociocultural perspectives while identifying cultural, linguistic, and pedagogical dimensions influencing the way Arabic learners perceive and engage with feedbacks. The data points to various hurdles (e.g., lack of instructor expertise, large class sizes, time constraints, difficulty with listening, reading, writing, and speaking) that adversely impact the effectiveness of feedbacks. The study recommends the development of quality in feedbacks, including evaluation criteria, a learner-focused approach, inclusion of technology tools and professional development improvement of the IELTS instructors. These results highlight the urgent need for formalized, tangible, and culturally salient feedback initiatives in order to facilitate those students in Arabic IELTS more effectively.
IELTS, Arabic learners, comment effectiveness, formative and summative comments, learner-centered practices, IELTS assessment criteria, language assessment, technology-supported commenting.
Requirements for the Successful Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Libyan Banks North Africa Bank – Abu Salim Branch as a Case Study
This research aimed to identify the requirements for the successful implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at North Africa Bank, Abu Salim branch, using a descriptive-analytical approach. A questionnaire was designed for data collection and distributed to the bank's employees. Forty-seven (47) valid questionnaires were retrieved and analyzed using statistical methods, including percentages, mean, standard deviation, and T-test. The results revealed that the bank currently lacks the essential requirements for successful AI implementation across several areas, including customer biometrics, chatbots, fraud detection, risk management, and automated report generation, despite the presence of some analytical applications. Furthermore, the study identified significant obstacles hindering the adoption of AI applications. The research recommends bridging the digital gap by adopting AI technologies in security, customer service, risk management, and report automation, while maximizing the utility of existing analytical tools. This should be conducted alongside upgrading the technological and legislative infrastructure and investing in human capital training to overcome implementation obstacles and ensure the integration of modern banking operations.
Artificial Intelligence, Digital Transformation, Employment requirement.
Repercussions of the shadow economy phenomenon on the Libyan economy during the period (2000-2023): An analytical study
This study addresses the impact of the shadow economy on GDP and sustainable development in Libya.It aims to estimate the size of this economy from 2000 to 2023 and analyze its quantitative effects on GDP. Additionally, it seeks to understand its implications for the effectiveness of institutions and their ability to implement comprehensive development policies. The research aims to provide an in-depth analytical perspective on the relationship between the expansion of the shadow economy and the decline in economic performance, focusing on the institutional and financial dimensions that reinforce this phenomenon, and proposing realistic solutions to address it within a comprehensive national reform framework. The study relied on two main methodologies:the descriptive-analytical approach to understand the historical and social context of the shadow economy in Libya,and the quantitative approach to measure its size using the monetary approach,specifically the ratio of currency in circulation to demand deposits (SCR),based on data from the Central Bank of Libya and official economic publications.This method allowed for quantitative estimates of the informal economy's size over the study years.The research findings indicated that the shadow economy constitutes a significant portion of economic activity in Libya, ranging between 63% and 93.9% of GDP, with an average exceeding 70%. This is attributed to weak regulatory institutions, political division, and a preference for cash transactions outside the banking system. Furthermore, the informal economy contributes to the erosion of tax revenues, hinders sustainable development plans, undermines transparency, and encourages institutional corruption, limiting the state's ability to formulate and implement effective economic policies. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most notable of which include: the necessity of reforming the tax system and simplifying its procedures, enhancing financial inclusion and transitioning to electronic payments, developing a unified economic information system, combatingcorruption, and integrating informal activities into the formal economy through encouraging regulatory and financial incentives.
Shadow Economy, Libyan Economy, Sustainable Development, Demand Deposits.
Rising Food Commodity Prices and Their Impact on Inflation in Libya
This study examines the reasons behind the rise in food commodity prices over the past decade. The importance of the study stems from the fact that the effects of inflation have affected all segments of society, particularly vulnerable groups and low-income earners. The study aims to identify the main factors causing food price inflation, in addition to proposing some solutions to address it. A descriptive analytical approach was used to determine the key factors influencing food commodity prices. As a result of instability and the lack of clarity in the economic outlook in Libya, fictitious companies emerged to import food commodities and monopolized letters of credit in foreign currency. Their primary objective was not the importation of foodstuffs but rather trading in foreign currency within the parallel market and expanding the shadow economy, while importing only small quantities of goods that were sold in the market at inflated prices. In addition, hasty and weak economic policies adopted by the government opened the market to speculators. Moreover, the global economy was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a doubling of global shipping costs, directly contributing to higher commodity prices in Libya, in addition to the global crisis resulting from the war in Ukraine. Finally, the study concludes with several recommendations to address the problem, including regulating and monitoring letters of credit, encouraging import mechanisms to increase food commodity imports, raising the level of strategic reserves to meet demand, reforming the agricultural sector to increase productivity and achieve self-sufficiency, exempting food commodities from customs duties, controlling government spending, increasing taxes on luxury goods, and regulating the money supply.
Food commodity, in flation economic, Covid 19, libya
IMPACT OF METFORMIN AND HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HBA1C, FBG AND VITAMIN B12 IN MALES AND FEMALES DURING THE DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS IN THE HUMAN BODY
Metformin is an oral anti-diabetic drug that been used for decades However, long-term treatment with metformin has been shown to reduce vitamin B12 (vit B12) levels and causes unpleasant side effects. Studies on the influence of the duration and prevalence of vit B12 deficiency among type 2 diabetic people are lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of using metformin on the serum levels of vit B12 and glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) among Libyan patients with type 2 diabetes, and evaluate the relationship between vit B12 deficiency and metformin use. The result shown the highest rate was in the age group from 31 - 40 and the lowest rate was In the age group ≤ 20, The arithmetic mean values ​​of HBA1C, FBG are high in the patient group and the values ​​of Vitamin B12 are low compared to people with low HBA1C, FBG and normal Vitamin B12 level (control group), This indicates that there is an inverse relationship between high HbA1c levels and Vitamin B12 levels in diabetic patients who use metformin treatment. however, there was no significant difference between the mean of HBA1C values ​​in the patient group compared to the control group at Statistical level (P<0.05). Our recommend are conduct a more in-depth study of metformin and levels of both cumulative blood glucose and vitamin B12 in the body, and the relationship of metformin to pancreatic hormones such as glucagon, insulin, and blood glucose levels. And to expanding the study of this aspect and obtaining more samples in a longer period of time. In conclusion the results of this study showed that the highest rate was in the age group from 30 - 40 and the lowest rate was In the age group from ≤ 20, the HBA1C rate in the patient group was higher than the control group, However, there was no significant difference between the mean of HBA1C values ​​in the patient group compared to the control group at Statistical level (P<0.05).
Metformin, HBA1C, FBG, vit B12, Human body.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Knowledge Crown https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Federated Learning for Robotic and Autonomous Systems: A Survey on Architectures, Synergies with Distributed Ledger Technologies, and Future Directions
The rapid proliferation of autonomous robotic systems, ranging from nano-drones to industrial collaborative robots (cobots), is generating massive, distributed datasets. While deep learning (DL) serves as the cornerstone of modern robotic intelligence, the conventional approach of centralizing this data for training poses insurmountable challenges related to privacy, security, bandwidth, and latency. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a disruptive paradigm that enables collaborative model training across distributed devices without the need for raw data exchange. However, the integration of FL into real-world robotic swarms—characterized by extreme heterogeneity, dynamic connectivity, and stringent resource constraints—introduces a unique set of complexities that extend far beyond those of conventional edge devices. This survey provides a comprehensive and critical examination of the burgeoning field of FL within robotic and autonomous systems. We move beyond a mere overview to present a novel taxonomy that classifies FL architectures for robotics based on communication topology, learning paradigm, and application criticality. A significant portion of our analysis is dedicated to the potent synergy between FL and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), particularly blockchain, for achieving decentralized trust, auditability, and robust aggregation in the presence of potentially malicious agents. We extensively review applications across perception, control, and collaborative tasks, highlighting pioneering works in multi-robot SLAM, federated reinforcement learning, and human-robot interaction. Furthermore, we identify and discuss pressing open challenges, including communication efficiency in mobile swarms, energy-aware client selection, personalized learning for non-IID data, and defense mechanisms against sophisticated adversarial attacks. This paper serves as a foundational reference for researchers and practitioners aiming to develop the next generation of private, secure, and collectively intelligent robotic systems.
Autonomous Robotic Systems, Federated Learning, Distributed Ledger Technologies, Deep Learning, Collaborative Robots, Human-robot interaction
Psychosocial Factors and Worker Safety in Libya’s Post-Revolution Oil Sector
Libya's oil sector, representing 95% of national export revenues, faces critical challenges in maintaining worker safety amid political instability and infrastructure deterioration. This research examines psychosocial factors affecting worker safety in Libya's oil industry through comprehensive literature analysis, case studies, and international comparisons using the Job Demands-Resources theoretical framework. The study identifies key psychosocial risk factors including excessive workload, role ambiguity, social isolation, and inadequate organizational support. Libyan oil workers encounter unique challenges combining industry-specific hazards with country-specific issues: deteriorating infrastructure, political uncertainty, and limited mental health services access. The Ras Lanuf Company (RASCO) case study reveals alarming occupational illness rates with 442 episodes among 251 workers annually, highlighting urgent intervention needs. Comparative analysis with international standards shows significant gaps in psychosocial risk management, with Libyan workers experiencing higher stress, anxiety, and depression levels than counterparts in developed nations. Findings demonstrate that psychosocial factors significantly impact worker safety through reduced cognitive performance, impaired decision-making, and increased risk-taking behavior. The research recommends immediate implementation of psychosocial risk assessment protocols, employee assistance programs, and culturally appropriate mental health interventions. Long-term solutions include strengthening national occupational health policies, fostering international cooperation, and infrastructure modernization. This research contributes valuable insights for occupational health in post-conflict environments and provides evidence-based recommendations for improving worker safety in Libya's critical oil sector.
psychosocial factors, worker safety, Libyan oil sector, occupational health, post-conflict environment, Job Demands-Resources model.
Design and Evaluation of Cryptographic Protocols for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices: A Comparative Study of Lightweight and Post-Quantum Algorithms with Hybrid Deployment Models
This research aims to evaluate and compare encryption algorithms designed for securing Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited processing power, memory, and energy resources. The study focuses on lightweight cryptography and post-quantum cryptography, using MATLAB simulations to analyze key size, encryption time, computational complexity, memory usage, and security levels. The results show that lightweight cryptography achieves higher performance and lower resource consumption, making it suitable for civil IoT applications, while post-quantum cryptography provides stronger protection and better long-term security for industrial environments. The study recommends adopting hybrid encryption approaches that balance efficiency and security to ensure reliable protection against evolving cyber threats.
: IoT, Lightweight Cryptography, Post-Quantum Cryptography, Encryption, Information Security, MATLAB.
Enhanced Fingerprint Recognition using a Hybrid Technique of Morphological Minutiae Extraction and GLCM Features from Canny Filtering
This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of an enhanced fingerprint recognition system that integrates Morphological Minutiae Extraction with Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features derived from Canny-filtered images. Biometric recognition, particularly fingerprint-based systems, offers a robust and secure alternative to traditional identification methods due to its reliance on unique and stable biological traits. Despite its widespread use, traditional fingerprint recognition faces challenges such as low-quality images, false acceptance/rejection rates, and spoofing. The aim of this study is to propose a hybrid methodology that addresses these limitations by leveraging Canny filtering for synergistic image enhancement, enabling precise morphological extraction of minutiae (ridge endings and bifurcations) and robust computation of GLCM texture features (contrast, correlation, energy, homogeneity). Future research directions include optimizing hybrid approaches, adaptive parameter tuning, and exploring advanced machine learning techniques to further improve performance and efficiency..
Fingerprint Recognition, Hybrid Biometrics, Morphological Operations, Minutiae Extraction, GLCM, Canny Filtering, Feature Fusion, Texture Analysis, Biometric Security.
Fundamental and Applications of Image Processing Techniques in Modern Communication Systems
Image processing plays a pivotal role in modern communication systems by enabling the enhancement, analysis, transmission, and interpretation of visual information. It encompasses a wide range of techniques designed to improve image quality, reduce transmission bandwidth, and facilitate efficient data storage and retrieval. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and methodologies of image processing, highlighting its significance in various applications such as video conferencing, satellite communication, surveillance, and medical communication. Special emphasis is placed on recent technological advancements, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning, which have dramatically transformed traditional image processing techniques. The integration of these intelligent algorithms has led to significant improvements in image classification, object detection, image compression, and real-time video analysis. Furthermore, the paper explores current challenges faced by communication systems, such as bandwidth limitations, privacy concerns, and computational constraints, while discussing future trends and innovations that are expected to shape the next generation of image processing technologies within communication networks.
Image Processing, Communication Systems, Compression, Deep Learning, Signal Analysis.
Cryptographic Key Management and Secure Network Implementation in a Comprehensive Framework for Contemporary Security Architectures
This paper examines the critical role of key management systems in contemporary network security, addressing fundamental challenges of securing cryptographic material across diverse organizational environments. As network infrastructures become increasingly complex, systematic management of cryptographic keys has emerged as a cornerstone of effective security management, directly influencing confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information assets. The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining systematic literature review, comparative analysis, and empirical evaluation to investigate key management frameworks. Through comprehensive analysis of security requirements, implementation methodologies, and organizational factors, this study provides a holistic assessment of contemporary key management approaches and their real-world effectiveness. The investigation reveals that effective key management systems must address five fundamental security requirements: availability, authentication, data confidentiality, data integrity, and non-repudiation. These requirements form the foundation upon which all cryptographic operations depend, directly affecting overall network security posture. The study examines both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic approaches, analyzing their advantages, limitations, and optimal application contexts. Symmetric key management systems demonstrate superior computational efficiency for high-throughput applications but present challenges in key distribution and scalability. Asymmetric frameworks address distribution challenges through public-key infrastructure but require greater computational resources and complex certificate management. Hybrid approaches combining both methodologies emerge as the most practical solution for large-scale enterprise environments. The research identifies critical features essential for robust implementations, including automated key lifecycle management, scalable distribution mechanisms, comprehensive audit capabilities, and quantum-resistant algorithms. Empirical evaluation reveals significant variations in effectiveness based on implementation approach, organizational maturity, and threat environment characteristics. Organizations with mature security governance frameworks demonstrate substantially better outcomes than those using ad-hoc implementations. The study concludes with evidence-based recommendations emphasizing comprehensive lifecycle management, proactive threat modeling, continuous monitoring, and adaptive security frameworks. The findings contribute to both theoretical understanding of key management principles and practical guidance for security practitioners implementing these systems in operational environments.
Key management, network security, cryptographic systems, security requirements, symmetric cryptography, asymmetric cryptography, security management, authentication, data confidentiality, network infrastructure.
Bridging Barriers: Empowering English Proficiency for Professional Growth and Parental Involvement Among Libyan Higher Institutions Employees: A Case Study
This study explored English language proficiency, daily usage, and attitudes toward language improvement among employees in a higher institution in Libya. Utilizing a cross-sectional, descriptive survey design, data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed specifically for this study but informed by theoretical insights on second language acquisition and learner attitudes presented in How Languages Are Learned by Lightbown & Spada (2006). Additionally, Norton’s (2013) investment theory, which addresses the role of identity and motivation in language engagement, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory (1978), which focuses on the role of social interaction in learning, were implemented for developing the questionnaire. These theories support the study’s aim to investigate English language proficiency as a component for professional development among Libyan employees in higher education institutions. To ensure accessibility, the questionnaire was translated into Arabic and validated through back-translation. Of the 70 distributed questionnaires, 33 responses were analyzed. Results indicated that 69.7% of participants identified as beginners and 30.3% as intermediate, with no respondents achieving advanced or fluent proficiency. Daily use of English at work was minimal, with 30.3% reporting "Never" and 54.5% "Rarely," mirroring low levels of confidence in communication (60.6% "Not confident" and 33.3% "Slightly confident"). Despite these challenges, 66.7% of participants perceived English proficiency as moderately to very important for professional development, and over 70% believed that improving their language skills could enhance career opportunities. Additionally, 93.9% agreed that better English proficiency would enable them to more effectively support their children’s education. These findings highlight the critical need for targeted language training programs to improve English proficiency, foster professional growth, and enhance parental involvement in education within the Libyan context.
English language proficiency; Professional development; Higher education; Parental involvement; Libya.