Taj Al-Ma'rifa is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Tajoura Higher Institute of Science and Technology in Libya. The journal was established by a decision of the General Administration of Publications and Artistic Works at the Ministry of Culture and Knowledge Development It bears the local legal deposit number 275/2023 at Dar Al Wataniya Benghazi. The journal bears the international standard number ISSN: 3104-8846 ISSN-L: 3104-8838 The journal is concerned with publishing scientific research in the fields of Applied sciences. Administrative sciences. Financial sciences. It is issued periodically under the supervision of an elite group of specialized professors. Correspondence and research are directed to: Editor-in-Chief, Professor Dr. Muhammad Salem Musa Via email: JKC@histt.edu.ly.
Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Tajoura
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Copyright Retention: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. Licensing: The work is simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Third-Party Rights: This license allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Commercial use of the work is not permitted without explicit permission. Self-Archiving: Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) subsequent to publication, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Enhancing Digital Data Security Using RSA Encryption and Digital Watermarking
Encryption and data protection techniques are among the most critical topics in the digital age, as there is an increasing need to secure information against unauthorized access, particularly in digital media such as videos. This research investigates the integration of RSA encryption and digital watermarking techniques to secure and protect data. The study explores how RSA encryption is utilized to protect digital data through the application of a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This technique is combined with digital watermarking to safeguard intellectual property rights, where digital watermarks are embedded into the protected data for tracking its origin and ensuring its authenticity. These techniques were applied to a set of video data, and the impact of encryption on image quality was measured using metrics such as PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index). The results show that while RSA encryption causes a slight reduction in image quality, the effect on the clarity of the data is minimal. The experiment also demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating watermarking with encryption to protect data from manipulation and unauthorized duplication. The aim of this study is to enhance information security and protection, and it provides recommendations for future research in hybrid encryption and advanced digital watermarking techniques.
RSA encryption, digital watermarking, data protection, image quality, PSNR, SSIM
Copyright (c) 2025 Higher Institute of Science and Technology - Tajoura
Colour and Object Representation: Insights into Human Visual Processing
This study investigates the role of colour and texture in object recognition, addressing gaps in previous research that focused on unnatural objects. Using behavioural tasks and fMRI, we explored how natural chromatic texture influences object identification. A backward masking paradigm with varying Stimulus Onset Asynchronies (SOAs) of 40 ms, 100 ms, and 250 ms was employed to examine visual processing timing. The results show that colour significantly improves object recognition performance, more so than texture. The varying SOA results suggest that texture and colour processing take longer than shape processing. fMRI scans identified two key areas in the visual cortex: the Collateral Sulcus (CoS) for colour processing and the Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC) for object recognition. These findings enhance our understanding of how the brain integrates colour and texture information during natural object recognition, contributing to the broader knowledge of visual perception mechanisms.
Energy Efficiency in Network Communication Systems Through Bio-Inspired Optimization
Energy consumption is a critical issue for future wireless communication networks. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are considered a promising approach in fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks to meet the increasing data traffic demands. Expanding network coverage by adding more base stations significantly raises power costs. In a two-tier network setup, macrocell base stations (MBs) collaborate with small cell base stations (SBs) to provide broad coverage. However, light traffic loads at some SBs still result in excessive energy consumption. To address this, SBs can be switched off to reduce power usage and improve the overall energy efficiency (EE) of the network. This study presents a bio-inspired approach using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to optimize SB operation modes. SBs can operate in four power modes—On, Standby, Sleep, and Off—regulated by a bias factor to balance energy efficiency and coverage. The ACO-based Variant Power Mode Selection (ACO-VPMS) algorithm is proposed to select appropriate SB operation modes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve higher energy efficiency compared to existing methods.
Heterogeneous network (HetNets); Energy Efficiency (EE); bias Factor; Ant Colony Optimization (ACO).
Design of a heat pipe for spacecraft cooling
Heat pipes are highly efficient thermal management devices that transfer heat utilizing the phase change of a working fluid. Their ability to achieve thermal conductivities far exceeding those of solid conductors makes them ideal for extreme environments, such as spacecraft thermal control systems. This study focuses on designing a heat pipe for spacecraft cooling, addressing challenges such as weight and space limitations. The design process incorporates thermodynamic principles, heat transfer, and structural mechanics, to ensure optimal performance under stringent conditions.
Heat pipe, thermal management, spacecraft cooling, phase change, thermal conductivity.
Marble industry between environmental pollution and recycling
ان العمليات الصناعية المختلفة اصبحت تشكل تهديد كبير على البيئة وذلك نتيجة المخلفات التي تولدها هذه العمليات وعلى الرغم من اجراء العديد من الاجتماعات والمؤثمرات والندوات الدولية بالإضافة الي اعتماد مجموعة من المواصفات الدولية الخاصة بالمحافظة على البيئة و تقليل انتاج وتوليد الملوثات ومع ذلك فان الحكومات والمنظمات البيئية ما زالت تسعى الي اجراء الدراسات والابحاث في مجال اعادة التدوير والمعالجة البيئية . وتعتبر صناعة الرخام من الصناعات المهمة والتي اصبح عليها طلب متزايد في العقود الاخيرة وهذه الصناعة ينتج عنها مجموعة من المخلفات ترمى جزافا في البيئة المحيطة وتوثر على الصحة العامة. في هذه الورقة نستعرض المراحل الصناعية للرخام واهم المخلفات والملوثات التي تنتجها وما قد تسسبه من مشاكل صحية للأفراد بالإضافة الي اهم طرق اعادة التدوير والمعالجة.
غبار الرخام، السحار السيليسي ، اعادة التدوير ، المعالجة ،الامتصاص
تقنيات الاتصال ودورها في تحسين الأداء دراسة تطبيقية على العاملين بالهيئة العامة للأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على واقع تطبيق تقنيات الاتصال بالهيئة العامة للأوقاف والشؤون الدينية، ودور توظيف هذه التقنيات في أداء المهام والواجبات وعلى فاعلية الأداء، كما تهدف إلى التعرف على المعوقات التي تواجه العاملين في توظيفها، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وقد تكون مجتمع الدراسة من جميع العاملين بالهيئة العامة للأوقاف والبالغ عددهم (77) عاملاً، واعتمد الاستبيان أداة للدارسة، ولتحليل البيانات استخدم البرنامج الإحصائي للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS)، حيث استخدمت بعض الأساليب الإحصائية كالمتوسطات الحسابية والانحرافات المعيارية والوزن النسبي، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن واقع تطبيق تقنيات الاتصال الحديثة كان أعلى من المتوسط فى عدم تطبيق تقنيات الاتصال بشكل الامثل، وأن مستوى دور توظيف تقنيات الاتصال الحديثة على أداء الواجبات والمهام وعلى فعالية الأداء الوظيفي كان أعلى من المتوسط، وأن مستوى المعوقات التي تحول دون فعالية الأداء كان أعلى من المتوسط، كما توجد صعوبات تواجه العاملين في توظيف تقنيات الاتصال بالهيئة العامة للأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية.
العلاقات الصينية الأمريكية في ظل الصعود الصيني وأثر ذلك على النظام الدولي
يلقى البحث الضوء على الصين كواحدة من الدول الصاعدة، حيث انها من الدول المهددة لمكانة الولايات المتحدة كقطب أوحد، ويهدف البحث إلى رصد استراتيجية أمريكا في احتواء الصعود الصيني، وماهي نقاط التعارض والالتقاء بين الدولتين؛ إذ هناك فجوة تباين كبيرة بين الصين والولايات المتحدة بشأن التوجه السياسي والثقافي والاجتماعي والإيديولوجي ومستوى التنمية الاقتصادية لكلا منهما. اتبعت الدراسة مزيج من المنهج الوصفي التحليلي ومنهج تحميل النظم ل "مورتون كابلان" وذلك لرصد وتحميل العلاقات بين الصين والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وتوضيح علاقات التأثير والتأثر التي تربط بينيما وبين النظام الدولي. وبناء على ما تقدم تناول البحث اهم الأفكار التي تخدم الموضوع وفقاً لما يأتي: -1 المصالح الأمريكية الصينية. -2 مجالات العلاقات بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والصين( العلاقات الاقتصادية، العلاقات العسكرية). -3 دور الصين المتصاعد في النظام الدولي )مؤشرات الصعود الصيني، الاستراتيجية الأمريكية لاحتواء الصعود الصيني). -4 الخاتمة: رؤية مستقبلية للصعود الصيني وأثره على الهيمنة الأمريكية.
العلاقات الصينة الأمريكية- النظام الدولي- مؤشرات الصعود الصيني
دور الاعلام في الحفاظ على الهوية العربية
This research aims to study the role of media in preserving Arab identity in light of the contemporary challenges imposed by the digital age and globalization. The research includes an analysis of traditional media such as journalism, television, and radio, in addition to the impact of digital media and social media on Arab cultural identity. It also addresses the challenges faced by Arab media in maintaining the Arabic language and its cultural heritage amidst the increasing influence of foreign cultures. In this context, the research examines a range of media strategies that can contribute to enhancing Arab identity through increased local production, engaging with younger generations, and effectively utilizing digital media. The research concludes that Arab media remains a pivotal tool in promoting Arab cultural identity if used appropriately, and innovative media strategies need to be developed to keep pace with ongoing technological changes.
Arab identity, traditional media, digital media, globalization, social media, Arabic language, Arab cultural heritage, Arab media, culturalchallenges, media strategies.
تقييم مدى تطبيق المعايير العلمية في إعداد وتنفيذ الميزانيات المالية التقديرية في الهيئة العامة للتضامن الاجتماعي
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم مدى تطبيق المعايير العلمية في إعداد وتنفيذ الميزانيات التقديرية في الهيئة العامة للتضامن الاجتماعي في ليبيا. تم استخدام منهجية البحث الميداني من خلال توزيع استبيان على موظفي الهيئة في المقر الرئيسي بطرابلس، حيث تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام الأساليب الإحصائية الوصفية. أظهرت النتائج أن الهيئة تطبق العديد من المعايير العلمية في إعداد الميزانيات التقديرية، مثل الشمول، والتوزيع الزمني، والمرونة، والمشاركة. ومع ذلك، لوحظ وجود ضعف في استخدام الأساليب العلمية الحديثة مثل شبكة بيرت في إنجاز الأعمال خلال فترة الميزانية. توصي الدراسة بضرورة تعزيز استخدام الأساليب العلمية الحديثة وزيادة مشاركة العاملين في إعداد الميزانيات التقديرية لتحسين فعاليتها.
التدفقات النقدية وأثرها على العائد في الشركات الصناعية
The study aimed to determine the impact of net cash flows of activities (operational, investment, and net cash flow) on the return of Al-Nahr Pipe Manufacturing and Construction Company. The study problem was identified in the main question: What is the impact of net cash flows on the return (financial performance) of the Libyan industrial sector? Through data analysis and hypothesis testing, the study reached a set of results and interpretations that showed that there is a positive correlation and a positive relationship within the limits of 51%, 62.9% between net operating cash flow and net cash flow and return, respectively, while the relationship between the independent variable represented by net investment cash flow and return was strongly negative, as the value of the correlation coefficient reached about -63.8%.
net cash flow, operating cash flow, investment cash flow, return.
قياس تأثير الفساد الاقتصادي على التنمية المستدامة في الاقتصاد الليبي خلال الفترة ( 2000 – 2021 )
The study aims to identify economic corruption and its impact on achieving sustainable development, provide a conceptual framework on the concept and nature of corruption in general, and economic corruption in particular, reveal economic corruption and its justifications, and its economic, political, and social motives, and highlight ways to address corruption. The researcher followed the economic approach and ways to reduce it in the future. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach: which consists of describing the phenomenon of economic corruption in all its aspects. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The statistical test F - Boundes Tests, and the sign and significance of the error correction coefficient confirm the existence of a balanced relationship between the rate of sustainable development and the variables of the study from the short term to the long term.
This study aims to analyze the current status of the treatment of fixed assets depreciated in books, as fixed assets such as buildings, equipment and land are an essential element in the financial structure of institutions, but their unique nature requires accurate accounting standards that keep pace with the development of their economic value over time. The study addresses the current gaps in the accounting policies followed to treat these assets, focusing on the challenges associated with international accounting standards such as International Accounting Standard IAS 16 and local standards, in addition to the problems facing institutions in reevaluating fully depreciated assets despite their continued operational use. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach by using qualitative analysis of previous studies and international accounting standards, in addition to analyzing the financial reports of different institutions, which contributed to highlighting the shortcomings of current accounting practices. The results revealed a clear lack of guidance related to the revaluation of depreciated assets, which negatively affects the accuracy of financial disclosure and the reliability of financial reports. The study also recommended the need to develop accounting standards that are more appropriate to the nature of these assets and enhance financial disclosure to ensure transparency and improve the quality of financial and administrative decisions.
: Depreciated fixed assets, financial disclosure, accounting standards, revaluation, qualitative analysis.
تأثير سوء التخطيط في مدة تنفيذ المشاريع الإنشائية.
جاءت هذه الورقة بغرض تسليط الضوء على بيان مدى تأثير سوء التخطيط على تأخر تنفيذ المشاريع الانشائية في بعض المشاريع بطرابلس ليبيا. ومن خلالها سيحاول التعرف على العوامل المؤدية لسوء التخطيط التي تؤثر بدورها على مدة تنفيذ المشروع و بالتالي تأخر تنفيذه. شملت دراسة الوراقة شركات إدارة المشاريع المختصة و شركات المقاولات المتوسطة و الكبيرة في جميع الاختصاصات الإنشائية من بناء و طرق و صرف صحي و أعمال كهربائية و بنية تحتية. في طرابلس ليبيا. من خلال هذه الدارسة أتضح إلى نتائج أهمها: 1 - إن تأخر إنجاز المشاريع الهندسية يعود إلى عدم وجود فهم واضح لمفهوم التخطيط الإداري و الهندسي لدى شركات المقاولات، (مرحلة إعداد الخطة، مرحلة إقرارا الخطة , مرحلة تنفيذ الخطة ، مرحلة المتابعة للخطة.) 2 - إن تأخر إنجاز المشاريع الهندسية يعود إلى عدم الإدارك الكافي لأهمية التخطيط الإداري و الهندسي لدى شركات المقاولات، ( أهمية الوقت و عدم الارتهان للصدفة،أهمية التوقعات المستقبلية و مفاجآت العمل في عملية التخطيط ، أهمية التعامل السليم مع المزايا الفنية و الإدارية للتخطيط ، أهمية اتباع مبادئ التخطيط الهندسي في المشاريع الإنشائية ) . 3 - إن تأخر إنجاز المشاريع الهندسية يعود إلى عدم اعتماد شركات المقاولات على مقومات التخطيط الإداري و الهندسي الفعال كأساس لنجاح خططهم. (فهم مقومات نجاح الخطة ،فهم فاعلية التخطيط و دور ذلك في نجاح المشروع )
تخطيط المشاريع الإنشائية , تأثير سوء التخطيط , تنفيذ المشاريع , المشاريع ,
دَوَالِيُّ الاسْتِعَارَةِ فِي سَيْفِيَّاتِ الْمُتَنَبِّي
دَوَالِيُّ الاسْتِعَارَةِ فِي سَيْفِيَّاتِ الْمُتَنَبِّي دِرَاسَةٌ أُسْلُوبِيَّةٌ بَلَاغِيَّةٌ.
من تقنيات التصميم المستدام للعمارة المحلية الجبلية
This research is an attempt to collect, study and analyze the pattern of construction sheltered with earth, as this pattern represents one of the human experiences gained. This is done through the study of philosophy and thought underlying its uses. And a list of the different experiences and experiences of it with exposure to the pros and cons associated with it. Referring to its contribution to reducing energy through its ability to provide thermal comfort without the need for any industrial means. The negatives were summarized in the economic considerations with the possibility of increasing the cost of construction, which can be reduced through efficient design, and addressing the determination of design considerations to be taken into account when using the excavated underground building pattern, the most important of which is that the design achieves direct visual contact with the external environment and provides the largest amount of natural lighting while linking the internal spaces with the elements of nature and setting site selection controls. The research has clarified the simple techniques that make the soil a source of negative cooling as well as some treatments that provide natural ventilation with this type of buildings, which have proven successful in many areas for many years and until the present time, where the research concludes that the use of soil is an integrated solution to environmental problems such as pollution and lack of energy, as well as buildings built below the soil level are characterized by their rich design that is successful functionally and psychologically.
Sustainable Design /Excavation Buildings /Sustainable Technologies/ Passive Cooling.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Efficiency of Seaports in the Digital Age
This research studies the impact of artificial intelligence on improving the efficiency of seaports in the digital age, with a focus on modern applications of this technology and its role in enhancing sustainability and operational safety. The study aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence in addressing the operational challenges facing seaports by improving operations management, reducing costs, and reducing carbon emissions. The role of human development and international and local legislation in supporting digital transformation in this sector was also reviewed. This approach was used to analyze previous literature and performance reports related to artificial intelligence applications in seaports. It was adopted to provide future strategic recommendations for developing smart solutions and achieving sustainable development. The results indicate that the use of artificial intelligence can bring about a qualitative shift in the operation of seaports by improving operational processes, enhancing operational safety, and supporting environmental sustainability. The study also emphasizes the importance of investing in developing digital infrastructure and training programs to enable the workforce to fully benefit from these technologies.
Artificial intelligence, seaports, digital transformation, operational efficiency, sustainable development.
Studying the effect of fresh juice, aqueous and alcoholic extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on Candida albicans
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the most common types of Candida and is the main cause of candidiasis. C. albicans yeast diseases are usually treated with antifungals, but due to the side effects of chemical drugs, there has been a trend towards the use of medicinal plants, which play an important role in the treatment of some infectious diseases because they contain substances that have antibiotic activity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the effect of fresh juice and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) at different concentrations on the yeast C. albicans. The results of this research showed that fresh juice and aqueous and alcoholic extract of garlic have good activity against yeast. It was also found that the effect of fresh garlic juice was higher than the effect of the antifungal (FLU) and also higher than the effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extract of garlic, but its effect was less than the effect of the antifungal (ECO). It was also found that the aqueous extract of garlic has better efficacy than the alcoholic extract. It is recommended to use different concentrations of fresh juice, aqueous and alcoholic extract of garlic to find out the minimum inhibitory effect. Also, to study the synergistic effect of garlic extracts with antifungals against C. albicans.
C. albican yeast, garlic juice, aqueous and alcoholic extract of garlic.
تقدير دالة الطلب الاستهلاكي على العسل في مدينة طرابلس
انطلاقاً من أهمية تربية النحل الاقتصادية والاجتماعية كإحدى أهم النشاطات الزراعية وأكثرها انتشارا في ليبيا ، فقد هدف البحث إلى التعرف على الخصائص الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لمستهلكي العسل في مدينة طرابلس ، ولتنفيذ أهداف البحث أجريت دراسة ميدانية لعينة عشوائية من المستهلكين بلغ عددها 150 أسرة من خلال استمارة أعدت خصيصاً لهذا الغرض وذلك خلال العام 2021 وقد تبين من خلال نتائج الدراسة الميدانية للطلب الاستهلاكي على العسل أن حوالي 96 % من إجمالي المبحوثين في العينة يفضلون استهلاك العسل ، وأن حوالي 4 % فقط لا يفضلون استهلاكه ، كما بينت نتائج الدراسة أيضاً أن دوق المستهلك له تأثير كبير في الطلب على العسل ، حيث جاء في المرتبة الأولي بأهمية نسبية بلغت حوالي 38 % من إجمالي العينة ، كما أوضحت نتائج الدراسة الميدانية ايضا وجود تأثير سلبي للأسعار في حالة ارتفاعها حيث أن زيادة الأسعار في ضل محدودية الدخل لدى غالبية الأسر تودي إلى تخفيض الكميات المستهلكة من العسل وأن المستهلكين يستجيبون بشكل كبير للتغير في أسعار شراء العسل ويقررون زيادة الكمية المشتراة فقط عندما يكون السعر منخفض وبالتالي يعتبرونها سلعة غير ضرورية ويمكن الاستغناء عنها في حالة ارتفاع أسعارها ، وقد جاءت الأسعار في المرتبة الثانية من حيث الأهمية النسبية بحوالي 17 % من إجمالي العينة، كما أشارت نتائج الدراسة الميدانية أن هناك تأثير واضح لمستوى الدخل الشهري للأسرة في تحديد الكمية المطلوبة من العسل ، فأغلب الأسر المبحوثة يتغير استهلاكها من العسل بتغير الدخل ، وهذا يؤكد أراء المستهلكين الذين يعتبرنها سلعة غير ضرورية ويمكن الاستغناء عنها، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها الاهتمام بإنتاج العسل محليا من خلال تقديم التسهيلات الائتمانية لدعم النحالين في إنشاء مناحل جديدة تساهم في زيادة الإنتاج لتخفيض الأسعار .
إمكانية تطبيق مدخل التكلفة المستهدفة في المصارف الليبية
The study problem was represented in the weakness of providing banking services and the fluctuation of the cost of services provided, especially in the banks of the southern region. Accordingly, we seek to determine the possibility of using the target costing method in Libyan banks. The study assumed the impossibility of using this method and the study community represented the banks operating in the south. The study concluded that banks implicitly adopt a philosophy that the customer is the most important element in the banking services market, which helps in applying the target costing method. In addition, employees in the cost department do not have the knowledge and experience in pricing banking services and the inability to determine the cost of banking services in the design phase and the lack of consideration for the competition factor in the sector and the limited ability in banks to conduct a permanent search for the best level of performance. The study recommended the need for banks to pay attention to the presence of a specialized department for designing, planning and following up on banking activities and services, and taking into account the competition factor, and the need to train employees in cost management in banks and hold courses and seminars that give them experience and knowledge of the target costing method, provided that there is a department specialized in monitoring the quality of banking services, and a department specialized in determining and evaluating customer profitability to help them develop services with the required quality.
أثر مخاطر التجارة الالكترونية على المحاسبة والمراجعة
This study aimed to identify the impact of e-commerce risks on accounting and auditing functions. The study included identifying risks associated with e-commerce such as data breach and electronic fraud. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach using questionnaires directed to a group of external accountants and auditors. The results showed that there is a clear impact of e-commerce risks on the accuracy of accounting data and the efficiency of auditing processes. The study recommended the need to adopt strategies to manage e-commerce risks, invest in modern technologies, and raise the efficiency of accountants and auditors by training them to deal with e-commerce challenges, such as the risks of breach and unreliable data. And adherence to international standards in accounting and auditing.
: E-commerce, E-commerce risks, Accounting and auditing
الأبعاد الجغرافية الاقتصادية للعلاقات الدولية: دراسة في التأثيرات المتبادلة والتحديات المعاصرة
This study examined the economic-geographical dimensions of international relations by investigating the mutual influences between geographical factors and economic and political interactions among nations, as well as analyzing the challenges arising from these interactions in the context of contemporary global issues. The significance of this research lies in its attempt to provide a deeper understanding of how economic-geographical determinants interact with political, security, and cultural variables in shaping international relations. The study adopts a multidimensional approach that transcends traditional boundaries between disciplines and accommodates the increasing complexities and interconnectedness within the international system. The research reviewed relevant Arabic and foreign previous studies that addressed various aspects of the interaction between geography, economy, and politics in international relations, such as geostrategic competition among powers, regional systems, transformations in prevailing theories, geographical economics, and knowledge economy. The research presented a theoretical and conceptual framework for analyzing the economic-geographical dimensions, drawing upon the realist theory in international relations and the field of international political economy. It highlights the challenges facing international relations as a result of the economic-geographical impacts of pressing global issues, such as climate change, pandemics, and regional conflicts, and their effects on resources, infrastructure, and competition among powers. The study concluded the necessity of adopting a comprehensive perspective to understand the interaction of economic-geographical factors with political, security, and cultural variables. Recommendations were proposed to enhance international cooperation in addressing common challenges, taking into account the multiple dimensions of international relations amidst the changes in the contemporary global political economy.
Economic-geographical, International relations, Global economy,Geo-Economics.
Maintenance plays a crucial and influential role in industrial enterprises across different dimensions, including its impact on production capacity. In factories dedicated to producing specific goods, a dedicated maintenance department is usually established, one of the primary functions of this department is to maintain and enhance the production capacity of the plant, while ensuring continuity of operations, by monitoring and analyzing key performance indicators such as uptime, downtime, oil and lubrication consumption, and maintenance costs. And other factors over a specific period of time, it becomes clear that these elements directly affect the production capacity, either increasing or decreasing it, and affect the consistency of operations as well. Moreover, the choice of the type of maintenance and the maintenance system greatly affects the production efficiency and the smooth and continuous operation of the facility. The field of maintenance has evolved significantly over time. While in the past, maintenance types and systems were more limited and standardized, advances in scientific and practical fields have led to the development of different types and systems that more closely match the specific needs of the plant, ultimately enabling the achievement of optimum production capacity. In industrial settings, it goes without saying that maintenance costs include repair and replacement expenses, as well as consumption of oils and lubricants, the number of engineers and workers involved, the use and replacement of spare parts, monitoring activities, and other factors that fluctuate over time. To monitor and know the production capacity, whether the production rate high or low these Graphical relationships can be used between the oil and grease costs, operating hours, downtime, and maintenance and repair expenses , the reform shows the extent of the impact of lubrication and oil consumption on operating units and production units and their relationship in terms of production rate .
Improved Stemming Methods for Arabic Language for Enhanced Search Engine Efficiency
Year after year, many methods are being published to overcome the Arabic stem problem for successful retrieval of documents. Therefore, this research present a novel method to extracting Arabic stem. In our method we investigate Arabic morphology features. The main goal and advantage of our approach is to generate/extract stem by applying a set of rules and matches the relationship between some Arabic letters to find the root/stem of the respective words in order to uses as indexing term for the text searching in Arabic retrieval systems. Consequently, our method can be considered to operate around minimum morphological complexity, and also solve problems of conjunctions in Arabic such as prepositions and stopword that are linked directly to the word. Indeed, these tasks are very hard and require an understanding of the meaning of a text and the ability to reason over relevant facts. Using only supporting facts. Thus, we have been tested our method using the EveTAR (2016) dataset on Arabic tweets and the obtained results show that our method results outperform the state-of-the-art results. Therefore, our method has been able to improve performance of Arabic stem and increases retrieval as well as being active against any type of stem and we believe that it’s difficult to develop new Arabic system retrieval method without uses a good morphology analysis support it.
Natural language processing, Arabic information retrieval systems, Arabic morphology, Light Stemming algorithm, Arabic Stemming algorithms, Rule based stemming, Indexing, Word segmentation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Higher Institute of Science and Technology - Tajoura
The Global Warming Phenomenon And it is impact on the environment.
An important aspect of the great development that occurred in the world, especially after the industrial revolution in 1950, resulting from increased human activity on Earth, has in turn produced a boom in polymorphic pollution. Among these, we mention the harmful gases that have raised the level of global warming beyond the permissible limit, which has become a harmful factor for living organisms and threatens the ecosystem and life on planet Earth, such that its negative effects have become felt on more than one level. In this paper we learn about: - The phenomenon of global warming, how it occurs, and the natural components of the atmosphere and its layers. The causes of climate changes affecting this phenomenon and the indicators of its occurrence. The negative effects of this phenomenon and international solutions to reduce the emission of harmful gases, especially carbon, which is considered the main cause of the phenomenon. The direct threat to global food security in general and Arab countries in particular. The ozone layer and the risks resulting from its erosion. Factor for living organisms and threatens the ecosystem and life on the planet, so that its negative raising the level of global warming more than the permissible limit, which has become a harmful producing a surge of multiform pollution. From that, we mention the carbonic gases, which led to the industrial revolution of 1950, resulting from the increase in human activity on Earth, has in turn an important aspect of the great development that took place in the world, especially after the Effects have become felt on more than one level. In this paper, we learn about: - -The global warming, how it occurs, and identifying the natural components of the atmosphere and its layers. The causes of climate change affecting this phenomenon and indicators of its occurrence. The negative effects of this phenomenon and the taken international solutions to reduce the The direct threat to global food security in general and in the Arab world in particular emission of harmful gases, especially carbon, which is the main cause of the phenomenon. The ozone layer and the risks resulting from its erosion.
Permanent magnet fault current limiter device performance improvement
The power system short-circuit current is at a critical level, which endangers the security, stability and reliability of the power system. Hence, how to restrict the short-circuit current has become an obligatory issue in the modernization of power grid system. This paper looks at the performance improvement of the Permanent magnet Fault Current Limiter (PMFCL) device. It presents the influence of AC coil span across the iron core on the performance enhancement of the PMFCL device. The modelling scheme has been performed on three PMFCL models of 0.033m, 0.066m and 0.099m AC coil span. A prototype of 0.099m AC coil span has been built and tested. The 3DFEM simulation and Lab measured results for the prototype were adopted as standard results. These results were used as a baseline for a comparison with 0.033m and 0.066m AC coils span FEM models. The practical results ensured the validity of the FEM software simulation tool, test the concept of the PMFCL device and revealed the effect of AC coil span across the core on the performance of the PMFCL device working operation.
AC coil; Experimental results; FEM modelling; Permanent magnetic fault current limiter; Performance.
Four Corner Magic Squares 6Í6 with semi Symmetric Center 2Í2
In this paper, we consider one type of the classical magic squares 6×6 having the four corner property, namely the Magic Squares with 2×2 Semi Symmetric Center, We list counting of this type and some of their algebraic properties. We present the general form of this type. We classified these sets of squares according to their eigenvalues and determinant, We give an example to each class in our classification, In each example we give the basis of the nullspase of the square as well as the eigenvalues and the determinant of this square. Our calculations and proofs are based on applying the theorems and methods of a linear algebra and computer programs, specially designed for matrix calculations
Magic Squares, four corner, Semi symmetric Center, matrix, eigenvalues
Effects of repeated deep frying on the peroxide value of edible oils
Edible oils can be spoiled when exposed to high temperatures during frying several times, which leads to the formation of different compounds such as peroxides. Peroxides are the main chemical indicator of deterioration in the quality of edible oils. In this study, the peroxide value (PV) was determined for different brands of edible oil, which are purchased from Tripoli supermarkets. The edible oil samples were divided into two groups. The first group CO is four samples of edible oil that are produced from corn, and the second group SF is five samples that are made from sunflower. The iodometric method was applied for measuring PV, the experiment was repeated three times for each sample, the results showed that there was an increase in the PV for all CO samples after each frying, It was noted that the peroxide value was higher in each frying for samples CO2 and CO5 this may be due to the quality of the oil. As for the SF group, the obtained results indicated that the PV was higher than the CO group for each frying; it reached 8.64 mEq\kg and 11.34 mEq\kg in the 2nd frying for SF2 and SF4, respectively, while in the 3rd the PV in SF4 reached 12.5 mEq\kg.
determination, peroxide value, Edible oil, frying, iodometric.
Study on Concentration of some Heavy Metals in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and Cat Fish, Clarias gariepinus from Lake Manzala, Egypt
The increasing demand for fish, driven by its high nutritional value, is challenged by heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments from urbanization and industrial activities. This study examines the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg) in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) from Lake Manzala, Egypt, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results revealed species-specific metal accumulation patterns: O. niloticus accumulated higher levels of Zn (122.15 µg/g) and Cu (75.23 µg/g), whereas C. gariepinus showed elevated Pb (0.441 µg/g), Cd (0.235 µg/g), and Hg (0.183 µg/g) concentrations. Liver tissues consistently exhibited the highest metal concentrations, followed by gills, gonads, and muscles. The metal levels in fish muscles were below FAO/WHO legal limits, indicating their safety for human consumption. These findings highlight the importance of species-specific assessments and ongoing monitoring to understand environmental contamination and ensure food safety. Further research into the mechanisms of metal accumulation and their ecological and health impacts is essential.
Copyright (c) 2023 Higher Institute of Science and Technology - Tajoura
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols for Green Wireless Networks: Algorithms, Strategies, and Real-World Implementations
With the surging demand for wireless communication, the need for energy-efficient and sustainable network solutions has emerged to be increasingly critical. The paper primarily delves into the development and optimisation of energy-efficient communication protocols designed to reduce the power consumed in wireless networks while still maintaining reliability and high performance. Through a comprehensive analysis of diverse network components, including mobile device base stations, and data transmission processes, the study concentrates on the development of algorithms that minimise the energy consumed to a significant extent. Fundamental strategies taken into consideration range from coding and adaptive modulation, sleep mode techniques and energy-aware routing. The use of machine learning (ML) algorithms, especially in reinforcing learning and predictive analytics, paves the way for dynamic adjustment of network parameters in terms of real-time traffic conditions and user behaviour. Integrating renewable energy inclusive of an array of sources like solar and wind into wireless network infrastructures is also explored and examined, paving a way for both resilience and sustainability against power grid failures. Experimental evaluation and the simulation reveal that the proposed energy-efficient protocols may significantly minimise the power consumed but still not compromise with the quality of service (QoS) provided. The findings demonstrates the pivotal role of energy efficiency in the evolution of next-generation wireless networks alongside the provision actionable insights for network operators, designers, and policymakers.
A Conceptual Framework to Investigate Libyan Students’ Readiness to Learn Computer Science Subjects Using Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
The The dawn of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has revolutionized the educational landscape, offering unprecedented access to quality education. This paper explores the readiness of Libyan students to engage in computer science subjects via MOOCs, a modality that promises to overcome traditional educational barriers. The study aims to assess the advantages and challenges associated with MOOC adoption among Libyan students and proposes a conceptual framework to facilitate this investigation. Key variables such as internet discussion, technology access, technology skills, and motivation are examined to determine their impact on students' readiness for MOOC-based learning. The findings highlight the potential of MOOCs to enhance learning outcomes and provide cost-effective educational opportunities for students in Libya. This study contributes to the understanding of MOOC implementation in developing countries and offers insights into improving the integration of online learning platforms in the educational systems of such regions.
Computer Science, Massive Open Online Course, Connectivist Learning Theory, Conceptual Framework, Libyan Students